How to Use a Reference in Preparing a Research Proposal

INTRODUCTION
Research is the systematic process includes collecting and analyzing information or data to improve our understanding of the phenomena we are interested in or to our understanding. According to Leedy (1975: 5), research is a process to reach an answer to a question, solution, to the problem, or a deep understanding of a phenomenon systematically arranged and supported by the data. A research must contain the element of scientific thinking. The purpose of the research is to formulate questions and find answers to research questions. 
CONTENT
Different with the usual report, a research must interpret the data or materials to be analyzed simultaneously. Developing teaching material of teaching learning process through scientific publication is coming from two poles of the theories/references and the fact/data. Theories/references coming from books, scientific paper, journals, consist of:
a.    Ideology
b.    Philosophy
c.    Paradigm
d.    Theories
e.    Notions
f.    Rules
While the fact/data coming from observation/collection (classroom), consist of:
a.    Meaning
b.    Activities
c.    Procedures
d.    Context
e.    Relationship
f.    Patterns
Research proposal consist of several aspects, such as:
a.    Title
Title of research proposal prepared in order to attract others to read. Titles are arranged in a brief and meaningful describing relationship between variables the research. Title shaped statement, not a question. 
b.    Subtitle
One level below the title.
c.    Problem formulation
The problem must be formulated in clear, concise, and clear so it is easy to assess. 
d.    Theoretical review
Theoretical review is the reasoning which is a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions are arranged systematically. Theoretical review is use to describe the scope of the variables to be research, formulate hypotheses, and arrange the research instrument. 
e.    Methodology
Methodology is the scientific way to get data specific to the purpose and usefulness. 
f.    Data analysis
Data analysis is the process of giving the meaning of the data is processed. Theory on how to analyze qualitative data  category
g.    Discussions
Discussions have been the result of research conducted and supported by existing references. 
h.    Conclusion
Conclusion is a summary of the research has been done.
i.    References
References are the books, research report, or journals that are used in preparing a research proposal.
School observation can be done through several ways, among others:
a.    Case-study
Case-study is summarizes the experience of learning or teaching experience, written by a teacher or a lecturer in their instructional practices in the classroom. This experience provides a fact example of the problems faced by teachers as they implement the learning. The purpose of case-study is the teachers can perform self-evaluation, can repair and also to improve instructional practices and instill the concept of how learning should be implemented.
b.    Classroom Action Research
Classroom Action Research is one of the efforts of teachers in order to improve the work of the teacher. Action research, including qualitative research, although the data collected may be quantitative. Some things to consider when determining the problem of CAR, among others:
1.    Many problems faced by teachers
2.    Three groups of learning problems
3.    Problems that are under the control of teachers
4.    Problems that are too large
5.    Problem that are too small
6.    Significant and strategic problems
7.    Problems that are favored
8.    The real problems and problematic
9.    The need for collaboration
c.    Lesson Study
According to Marsigit, approaches of Lesson Study covered by:
1.    Cooperation among students in learning
2.    Contextual teaching and learning
3.    Life-skill
4.    Hands-on activities
5.    Interactive process oriented curriculum and syllabi development
6.    Teachers’ and students’ autonomy
Lesson Study paradigms that are relevant include:
1.    Student Centered
2.    Constructivist
3.    Realistic Mathematics
4.    Contextual Teaching Learning
d.    Research and Developing
Research and developing is a process or steps to develop a new product or improving an existing product. Research and developing is the research method used to produce a specific product and test the effectiveness of the product.
A research is also use an instrument. Instrument research is a tool to measure the value of a variable, called the data of the object that researched. The developing instrument based on:
a.    References
b.    Map of concept
c.    Criteria
d.    Instruments
e.    Collect of item
CONCLUSION
Research proposal consist of several aspects, such as:
a.    Title
b.    Subtitle
c.    Problem formulation
d.    Theoretical review
e.    Methodology
f.    Data analysis
g.    Discussions
h.    Conclusion
i.    References